Consumer Reports Reveals: Which Baby Formulas Are Safest?

When it comes to feeding your baby, safety isn't just a priority, it should be the foundation of their nourishment. For parents navigating the complex world of infant nutrition, the assumption is that all infant formula products on store shelves are rigorously tested, stringently regulated, and above all, safe.

However, recent investigations, including an eye-opening report by Consumer Reports, have raised serious concerns about contaminants, particularly heavy metals and so-called "forever chemicals", lurking in some formulas.

In an age where parents are leaning towards more natural, wholesome alternatives, the idea that infant formula, often a baby's sole source of nutrition, might contain these substances is concerning. The good news? There are plenty of baby formulas without dangerous traces of heavy metals on the market that are meticulously crafted and produced to meet higher purity standards.

Below, we break down what the report revealed and steps you can take to keep unwanted contaminants out of your little one's bottle. Plus, we offer some top-rated formula picks to consider!

Table of Contents

1. Possible Contaminants: Heavy Metals in Baby Formula
2. What Did Consumer Reports Discover?
3. Why Choosing European Baby Formula Matters?
4. Trusted European Formula Brands: HiPP, Holle, and Kendamil Passed the Safety Test
5. Organic's Best is Proud to Offer Best-Performing Baby Formulas
6. How Parents Can Help Keep Their Baby Safe?
7. Final Thoughts: Consumer Awareness and Making Informed Choices for Your Baby's Health

Possible Contaminants: Heavy Metals in Baby Formula

Let's begin by breaking down what heavy metals are, so you can understand where they come from and why we don't want them in baby food and formula.

Heavy metals are naturally occurring in the environment, meaning they can end up in food through soil, water, or during processing. However, natural doesn't always mean harmless.

In babies, chronic exposure to heavy metals, even at low levels, has been linked to problems with brain development, lower IQ, behavioural disorders, and other long-term health consequences.

A recent study in the journal of Food and Chemical Toxicology, looked at how heavy metals affect the brain at different stages of development, and recommended that there be a "focus on controlling and avoiding even low doses of [mercury, cadmium and lead] exposure from water or food during early brain development" based on their findings.

These contaminants also aren't isolated to infant formula alone. A 2021 U.S. House Oversight Subcommittee report revealed that several major baby food manufacturers had sold products with dangerously high levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium. That scandal prompted new scrutiny of baby food safety, but many critics argue the regulations haven't fully caught up. 

The Consumer Reports testing was built on that concern, this time focusing on infant formula, an often-overlooked category in the heavy metals conversation. Their testing found that nearly half of the 41 samples they tested contained potentially harmful levels of at least one contaminant.

Another major concern is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dubbed "forever chemicals" because they persist in the environment and human body. PFAS are a large group of human-made chemicals designed to resist grease, oil, water, and heat.

These synthetic chemicals, used in everything from waterproof fabrics to food packaging, have been linked to developmental delays, fertility issues, immune suppression, and even cancer.

Although the FDA has set limits for PFAS in drinking water, it has not yet established the same limits for these substances in baby food or formula.

What Did Consumer Reports Discover?

In the comprehensive investigation, 41 powdered formulas were tested from various brands, including well-known US names like Enfamil and Similac, as well as store and imported brands, to assess the presence of harmful contaminants.

The results revealed alarming levels of several toxic substances in some formulas, raising significant health concerns for infants, and a need for better transparency about the quality and standards of formula. Here is what they found:

Heavy Metals: Arsenic and Lead

The report found that arsenic, a known carcinogen, was present in several formulas at levels exceeding their safety threshold. The highest levels were detected in Abbott Nutrition's EleCare Hypoallergenic (19.7 ppb) and Similac Alimentum (15.1 ppb).

For context, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits arsenic in drinking water to 10 ppb. While most formulas tested had arsenic levels below this limit, seven formulas exceeded Consumer Reports' risk level, and two others were close to it.

Lead was found in almost all of the formulas tested. The highest lead concentration was detected in Enfamil Nutramigen. While none of the formulas exceeded the Maximum Allowable Dose Level (MADL) set by California, 18 formulas had lead levels that accounted for 50% to 100% of the MADL, which could pose neurological risks to infants.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Formulas were also tested for PFAS. At least one of the thousands of PFAS was detected in almost all formulas. The presence of these chemicals in infant formulas raises concerns about potential long-term health effects, including impacts on immunity and development, but further testing and research are needed to determine the extent.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and Acrylamide

In addition to heavy metals and PFAS, BPA and acrylamide were also detected in one formula: Enfamil Nutramigen. BPA is an endocrine disruptor, and acrylamide is a probable carcinogen. The presence of these substances, even in trace amounts, is concerning given the vulnerability of infants to chemical exposures.

Implications and Recommendations

Based on the findings above, formulas were categorized into three groups, which aim to guide parents in making informed decisions about infant nutrition:

• Top Choices: Formulas with low or no detectable levels of harmful contaminants.

• Good Choices: Formulas with acceptable levels of contaminants that do not pose significant health risks.

• Worse Choices: Formulas with concerning levels of contaminants that could pose health risks to infants.

The findings underscore the need for stricter regulations and oversight in the infant formula industry. While most formulas tested did not contain harmful levels of contaminants, the presence of toxic substances in some products highlights ongoing concerns about product safety.

In response to these findings, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced "Operation Stork Speed," an initiative aimed at enhancing the quality and safety of infant formula products. This move reflects growing concerns among regulators and consumers about the safety of infant nutrition products. 

Why Choosing European Baby Formula Matters?

Many parents assume that the FDA meticulously regulates all aspects of infant formulas. While it's true that formulas must meet minimum nutritional requirements and are manufactured under safe conditions, there are some gaps in the FDA's oversight, as there are currently no federally mandated maximum limits for heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and cadmium in infant formula.

The FDA has issued guidance and action levels for heavy metals in baby foods, but formulas are not always included. This regulatory grey area means that manufacturers are largely left to police themselves, something that makes many parents uncomfortable.

Even more frustrating? These contaminants may not come from the ingredients alone. In some cases, the containers and packaging themselves may be the source, leaching chemicals or metals into the product over time-another area highlighted by the Consumer Report.

In contrast, European infant formulas are often subject to stricter, more comprehensive regulations. The European Union (EU) sets lower limits for heavy metals in baby food, including formula, and closely monitors all stages of production.

For example, European formula manufacturers are required to meet stringent guidelines for acceptable levels of contaminants, ensuring that the formulas are not only nutritionally balanced but also free from detectable levels of harmful toxins. EU regulations include rigorous testing for both ingredients and packaging.

Additionally, many European baby milks are made with organic, high-quality ingredients and are free from artificial additives and preservatives.

By choosing European infant formula, parents are opting for products that are subject to more stringent safety and quality controls. This offers a level of protection and peace of mind compared to the U.S. market, where regulatory oversight for baby formula is not always as comprehensive.

Trusted European Formula Brands: HiPP, Holle, and Kendamil Passed the Safety Test

European brands HiPP, Holle, and Kendamil were all included in the report, and they passed with flying colours. Each showed either undetectable or very low levels of BPA, lead, acrylamide, inorganic arsenic, cadmium, and mercury, earning them spots in the ''Top'' or ''Good'' choice category of the Consumer Report.

These strong results aren't too surprising, given that European regulations are generally more rigorous and comprehensive than those in other regions.

That said, there's always room to do better. Below, we explore how these brands continue to raise the bar, staying true to their commitment to safety, sustainability, and baby-friendly practices.

Organic's Best is Proud to Offer Best-Performing Baby Formulas

The following European baby milks ranked among the safest:

HiPP Dutch Stage 1: Top Performing Formula

Known for its organic certification and low levels of contaminants, HiPP formula is loved by many parents for its closeness to breast milk and its clean ingredient list. It's proudly free from GMOs, artificial flavours, and preservatives. But HiPP doesn't stop there.

HiPP also has their own Organic Seal because even in organic farming, pollutants from the air, soil, or nearby fields can make their way into fruits, vegetables, grains, and also the milk of farm animals. While European regulations do allow very low trace amounts of pesticide residues in baby food (the maximum limit is set at no more than 0.01 mg of pesticide residues per kilogram), HiPP holds itself to a higher standard. The company goes above and beyond, stating that ''We strive for much lower values than the law requires: that means we do not allow these residues and so we carry out complete quality tests at the highest technological level.

Shop Hipp Dutch Stage 1 

Holle German Cow Stage 1: Top Performing Formula

Holle is widely recognized for its commitment to purity, sustainability, and exceptional ingredient quality. Holle German Cow Stage 1 is no exception, crafted with organic, gently processed ingredients and no artificial preservatives or additives.

Many Holle formulas, including this one, are Demeter-certified, which goes beyond organic by following biodynamic farming principles. This means absolutely no herbicides, chemicals, or synthetic pesticides are used during farming. It also includes stricter standards for soil health, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. In reference to their Demeter practices, Holle states that they ''ensure a clean product with low levels of contaminants, and heavy metal levels not exceeding what would be naturally occurring in untainted soil.''

Holle also stands out with eco-friendly packaging made with mineral oil-free printing inks and a CO₂e-neutral production process, reflecting its deep-rooted commitment to the planet and babies alike. While only Holle Cow German Stage 1 was directly tested by Consumer Reports, the Holle Cow Dutch Stage 1 offers an identical formulation, making it an equally good choice.

Shop Holle German Cow Stage 1 

Kendamil Classic Stage 1: Top Performing Formula

This whole-milk-based Kendamil formula uses British Red Tractor-certified dairy and contains no palm oil or soy. It's one of the only brands to use whole milk fats, which are more naturally digestible for babies.

Kendamil has stringent procedures and processes in place to protect the safety of their products. For comprehensive quality control, they test their fresh and dried milk and final product to ensure safety and nutrition. For example, they test to confirm that their raw milk is free of antibiotics, and later on, Kendamil tests 30 cans from every new production batch for bacteria.

Shop Kendamil Classic Stage 1 

Kendamil Organic Stage 1: Good Performing Formula

This organic Kendamil recipe ranked highly in safety testing. However, it is the only product discussed today that scored a "Good Choice" instead of a "Top Choice" by the report.

Kendamil is one of the few formula brands taking a public, proactive stance on contaminant testing. In a recent Instagram post, the brand announced it is now working with a specialist food safety lab to test for heavy metals down to more stringent trace levels and establish internal safety limits that exceed current regulations.

This is in addition to their already rigorous UK quality standards and Red Tractor certification, which ensures traceable, ethical farming practices. Their actions show a commitment to transparency and safety, qualities many parents are actively seeking in a formula brand.

Kendamil also avoids palm oil, soy, and other common additives that many parents prefer to avoid, which offers far-reaching benefits. For example, their reliance on whole milk as a primary source of fats makes Kendamil easier to digest, palm oil-free, and closer to the composition of breast milk.

Shop Kendamil Organic Stage 1 

How Parents Can Help Keep Their Baby Safe?

While no foods are likely to be 100% contaminant-free, there are steps parents can take to reduce exposure to harmful substances:

1. Choose a trusted formula: Opt for brands with a proven track record for transparency, safety, and third-party testing. European infant formulas like HiPP, Holle, and Kendamil are excellent options.

2. Use filtered or bottled water when mixing powdered formula: Tap water may contain trace metals, especially in older buildings with outdated plumbing. Using a reverse osmosis filter or purified bottled water can reduce this risk. Additionally, make sure to always boil water before mixing it with formula.

3. Use BPA-free bottles and accessories: While most baby bottles are now BPA-free, it's worth double-checking. BPA and similar harmful chemicals can leach into liquids.

4. Store formula properly: Keep powdered formula in a cool, dry place and ensure the container is tightly sealed to prevent contamination or chemical leaching.

5. Stay updated on recalls and testing: Organizations like Consumer Reports regularly publish updates on formula safety. Signing up for alerts can help you respond quickly to any new concerns!

6. Consult your pediatrician: If you're worried about formula safety or considering switching brands, your pediatrician can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your baby's health history and nutritional needs.

Final Thoughts: Consumer Awareness and Making Informed Choices for Your Baby's Health

Parents shouldn't have to be detectives to feed their children safely. Yet the current regulatory environment around baby formula puts much of the responsibility on moms and dads to do the research themselves.

With investigations like the one, shining a light on the baby food industry and baby formula contamination, more companies are taking accountability. And thanks to high-performing brands like HiPP, Holle, and Kendamil, safer alternatives do exist.

At the end of the day, feeding your baby should be a bonding experience, not a source of anxiety. Armed with the latest information, you can make empowered choices that align with your family's values, your baby's nutritional needs, and your peace of mind!

Disclaimer: Please be aware that this information is based on general trends in babies, and it is not medical advice. Your doctor should be your first source of information and advice when considering any changes to your child’s formula and when choosing your child’s formula. Always consult your pediatrician before making any decisions about your child’s diet or if you notice any changes in your child.  Breastfeeding is the best nutrition for your baby because breast milk provides your child with all the essential nutrients they need for growth and development. Please consult your pediatrician if your child requires supplemental feeding.

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